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Documents - Parties and Organizations
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1.   Problematic Feelings about Parties: Excerpts from the Staats-Lexikon: "Parties" (1845-1848)
The author of the following entry in Staats-Lexikon (1845-1848), a twelve-volume encyclopedia of political terms and concepts, argued that political parties should be differentiated according....
2.   The Liberals: Heppenheim Program of the Southwest German Liberals (1847)
The report in the Deutsche Zeitung (German Newspaper) from October 15, 1847, summarizes the discussions of the south German and Prussian Rhineland liberals who met in Heidelberg on....
3.   The Democrats: Gustav von Struve: Motion in the German Pre-Parliament (March 31, 1848)
In his motion in the German pre-parliament from March 31, 1848, the radical democrat and revolutionary ....
4.   The Catholics: General Assembly of the Catholic Associations of the Rhineland and Westphalia (1849)
The general assembly of the Catholic associations of the Rhineland and Westphalia was held from April 17-20, 1849. The assembly discussed whether Catholic associations should devote themselves solely....
5.   The Conservatives: Friedrich Julius Stahl: "What is the Revolution?" (1852)
In his 1852 speech "What is the Revolution?," the conservative politician and Berlin law professor Friedrich Julius Stahl (1802-1861) describes the basic principles of conservative thought, which....
6.   The Liberals: Founding Program of the German Progressive Party (June 9, 1861)
The program of the German Progressive Party, founded in Prussia in 1861, outlines the basic principles of liberal politics, emphasizing German national unity and rule of law, including an independent....
7.   The Socialists: Ferdinand Lassalle: Excerpt from "Open Letter" (1863)
In his famous "Open Letter in Response to the Central Committee for the Calling of a General German Workers' Congress in Leipzig" (1863), the influential socialist leader ....
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