Documents - Enlightenment Philosophy, Political Thought, and Social Criticism: Expressions of Early German Nationalism

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1.	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, The Education of the Human Race (1777) The renowned playwright and philosopher Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-81) shifted German intellectual....
2.	Immanuel Kant, "What is Enlightenment?'" (1784) In the 1770s, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) emerged as a philosopher of major European stature. He exerted....
3.	Immanuel Kant, "Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View" (1784) In this influential contribution to the liberal philosophy of history and to German historicism, Kant....
4.	Johann Gottfried von Herder, Excerpts from Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784-91) Although Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) was devoted to the Enlightenment ideals of liberty....
5.	Friedrich Schiller, Excerpts from On the Aesthetic Education of Man (1795) Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805) attained great renown as a poet, playwright,....
6.	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, "The Constitution of Germany," unpublished manuscript (1800-1802) Like his precursor Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) bequeathed a rich....
7.	Ernst Moritz Arndt, Excerpts from Germania and Europe (1803) Born and raised on the island of Rügen, then part of Sweden, the poet, writer, and nationalist publicist Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769-1860) studied history and theology in Jena and Greifswald. In Jena,....
8.	Johann Gottlieb Fichte, "Addresses to the German Nation" (1807/08) Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) was a distinguished post-Kantian philosopher and notorious intellectual radical who was stripped of his Jena professorship in 1798 after allegations of atheism....
9.	Karl Baron vom und zum Stein, Petersburg Memorandum (September 17, 1812) Karl Baron vom und zum Stein (1757-1831) is closely associated with the Prussian reforms of the....
10.	Karl Baron vom und zum Stein, Prague Memorandum (Late August 1813) During the Wars of Liberation, Karl Baron vom und zum Stein (1757-1831) traveled close to....
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